Biomedical perspectives on the ecology and resting habits of Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles gambiae in district lower Dir, Pakistan

Abstract

This study investigates the abundance and distribution of Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles gambiae sensu lato across different habitats and collection methods, with a focus on urban and rural settings. A total of 853 mosquitoes were collected from three primary habitats-house (C), deep shade (A), and grass scrub (B)- using two collection methods: hand catch and box shelters. Results revealed that Culex quinquefasciatus dominated the mosquito population, constituting 98.5% of the total catch, with the majority collected from house habitats (94.8%). Hand catching was more effective, yielding 62.6% of the total catch, while box shelters captured 37.4%. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference in catch rates between methods (p = 0.0257). Monthly variations indicated that rainfall positively correlated with mosquito abundance, especially for Culex quinquefasciatus, which peaked in May. Anopheles gambiae was primarily found in house habitats during August, suggesting seasonal and environmental influences on its distribution. There were no significant variations in mosquito numbers across different sites, emphasizing the importance of habitat type over geographic location. Meteorological conditions, including rainfall and humidity, played a crucial role in shaping mosquito populations. These findings highlight the need for targeted vector control strategies, particularly in indoor environments during peak breeding seasons, and emphasize the importance of adapting interventions based on seasonal and environmental factors. This study provides crucial insights for enhancing vector surveillance and control programs, especially in urban areas.