Review Article Evaluation of the Potential of Nanotechnology in Enhancing Drug Bioavailability

Abstract

Background: Poor bioavailability is a significant constraint for many therapeutic medicines, limiting their efficacy and clinical significance. Conventional drug delivery techniques frequently fail to address issues such poor solubility, enzymatic degradation, and non-specific dispersion. Nanotechnology offers novel approaches to overcoming these limitations and increasing medication absorption. Objective: This article examines how nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems can improve pharmaceutical bioavailability by highlighting several nanocarrier platforms and their modes of action. Methods: A complete literature review was undertaken from 2020 to 2025, utilizing recent publications. The study focuses on the mechanisms by which nanotechnology enhances bioavailability and the clinical applications of various nanocarriers such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, dendrimers, nanoemulsions, and micelles. Results: Nanocarriers improve drug bioavailability through various mechanisms, including improved solubility and dissolution, protection against gastrointestinal degradation, targeted delivery via ligand modification, and leveraging the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Several FDA-approved formulations, like Doxil, indicate the successful application of nanotechnology in clinical contexts. Conclusion: Nanotechnology has great potential for improving drug delivery and treatment results. While problems such as safety, cost, and regulatory approval persist, ongoing research and development are projected to result in smarter, more efficient drug delivery systems capable of revolutionizing modern pharmacotherapy.